A palisade-shaped membrane reservoir is required for rapid ring cell inflation in Drechslerella dactyloides.

Fusion of individual vesicles carrying membrane-building materials with the plasma membrane (PM) enables gradual cell expansion and shape change. Constricting ring (CR) cells of carnivorous fungi triple in size within 0.1-1 s to capture passing nematodes. Here, we investigated how a carnivorous fungus, Drechslerella dactyloides, executes rapid and irreversible PM expansion during CR inflation. During CR maturation, vesicles carrying membrane-building materials accumulate and fuse, forming a structure named the Palisade-shaped Membrane-building Structure (PMS) around the rumen side of ring cells. After CR inflation, the PMS disappears, with partially inflated cells displaying wavy PM and fully inflated cells exhibiting smooth PM, suggesting that the PMS serves as the reservoir for membrane-building materials to enable rapid and extensive PM expansion. The DdSnc1, a v-SNARE protein, accumulates at the inner side of ring cells and is necessary for PMS formation and CR inflation. This study elucidates the unique cellular mechanisms underpinning rapid CR inflation.

Enrichment Extraction and Activity Study of the Different Varieties of Hericium erinaceus against HCT-8 Colon Cancer Cells.

Hericium erinaceus (HE), a widely utilized natural remedy and dietary source, has garnered significant attention for its therapeutic potential in various diseases. In this study, we employed supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology to isolate the bioactive compounds from HE's fruiting body. Comprehensive assessments of the antioxidant and antibacterial activities were conducted, along with in vitro investigations on the human colon cancer cell line (HCT-8). The SFE rate served as the evaluation metric, while the variables of extraction time, pressure, and temperature were systematically examined. By integrating the response surface center composite design, we successfully optimized the extraction process, yielding optimal parameters of 80 min, 30 MPa, and 35 °C, thus resulting in an extraction rate of 2.51%. These optimized conditions exhibited considerable antioxidant capacity, anticancer activity, and antibacterial potential. Furthermore, we employed graded alcohol extraction to refine the crude extracts, thereby confirming superior anticancer effects under a 70% alcohol precipitation. To elucidate the composition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to analyze the crude extracts and isolates of HE, facilitating a comparative analysis of six HE varieties. Our findings suggest that sterol derivatives hold promise as the active component against the colon cancer HCT-8 cell line. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of HE SFE in the development of functional foods or alternative drugs for colon cancer treatment, thus opening new avenues for therapeutic interventions.

Myasthenia-like paraneoplastic syndrome with multiple cranial nerve tumor infiltration: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Approximately 0.001% of patients with cancer have paraneoplastic nerve system syndrome, which can affect the central nervous system, neuromuscular junction, or peripheral nervous system. Although myasthenia gravis (MG) may exist as a thymic paraneoplastic syndrome (PNPS), its association with primary lung cancer remains unknown. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 55-year-old female presented with slurred speech, weakness in chewing, sporadic difficulty in swallowing, and weakness in both lower limbs for half a year. DIAGNOSES: Based on cerebrospinal fluid and electromyography findings, we present the case of a female patient diagnosed with overlapping multicranial nerve tumor infiltration and MG-like neurological PNPS secondary to lung adenocarcinoma. INTERVENTIONS: The patient received intrathecal injections of pemetrexed and neurotrophic (vitamin B) therapy before ceasing chemoradiotherapy and chose cabozantinib on her own. OUTCOMES: Weakness of the proximal limbs, choking cough, and chewing problems did not improve significantly. LESSONS: Although it is unclear why MG coexists with lung cancer, it is probable that MG is a paraneoplastic condition. Cerebrospinal fluid testing should be carried out along with electrophysiological, serological, and pharmacological procedures pertinent to the diagnosis of MG to thoroughly examine if people simultaneously experience MG-like PNPS and tumor growth. Starting immunotherapy and anticancer medication at the same time that tumor development and MG-like syndrome are discovered is crucial.

Nano-emulsification essential oil of Monarda didyma L. to improve its preservation effect on postharvest blueberry.

The reduction in blueberry harvest due to pathogen infection was reported to reach 80%. Essential oil (EO) can provide a new way to preserve blueberry. Here, in search for plants volatiles with preservation ability, a novel device was designed for the screening of aromatic plants led to the discovery of hit plant Monarda didyma L. Consequently, antifungi activity of M. didyma EO (MEO) and its nano-emulsion (MNE) were tested. 2 species of pathogenic fungi were isolated from blueberries, namely Alternaria sp. and Colletotrichum sp. were used as the target strains. In the in vitro activity test, the pathogenic were completely inhibited when the EO was 4 µL or 1.0 µL/mL. Compared with EO, MNE exhibited superior antimicrobial activity. Moreover, MNE can cause serious morphological changes and result in a decrease in the rot and weightlessness rate of blueberry. Hence, NME represents a promising agent for the preservation of postharvest blueberry.

SNARE Protein DdVam7 of the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Drechslerella dactyloides Regulates Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, and the Predatory Process via Vacuole Assembly.

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins play conserved roles in membrane fusion events in eukaryotes and have been documented to be involved in fungal growth and pathogenesis. However, little is known about the roles of SNAREs in trap morphogenesis in nematode-trapping fungi (NTF). Drechslerella dactyloides, one of the constricting ring-forming NTF, captures free-living nematodes via rapid ring cell inflation. Here, we characterized DdVam7 of D. dactyloides, a homolog of the yeast SNARE protein Vam7p. Deletion of DdVam7 significantly suppressed vegetative growth and conidiation. The mutation significantly impaired trap formation and ring cell inflation, resulting in a markedly decreased nematode-trapping ability. A large vacuole could develop in ring cells within ~2.5 s after instant inflation in D. dactyloides. In the ΔDdVam7 mutant, the vacuoles were small and fragmented in hyphae and uninflated ring cells, and the large vacuole failed to form in inflated ring cells. The localization of DdVam7 in vacuoles suggests its involvement in vacuole fusion. In summary, our results suggest that DdVam7 regulates vegetative growth, conidiation, and the predatory process by mediating vacuole assembly in D. dactyloides, and this provides a basis for studying mechanisms of SNAREs in NTF and ring cell rapid inflation. IMPORTANCE D. dactyloides is a nematode-trapping fungus that can capture nematodes through a constricting ring, the most sophisticated trapping device. It is amazing that constricting ring cells can inflate to triple their size within seconds to capture a nematode. A large centrally located vacuole is a unique signature associated with inflated ring cells. However, the mechanism underpinning trap morphogenesis, especially vacuole dynamics during ring cell inflation, remains unclear. Here, we documented the dynamics of vacuole assembly during ring cell inflation via time-lapse imaging for the first time. We characterized a SNARE protein in D. dactyloides (DdVam7) that was involved in vacuole assembly in hyphae and ring cells and played important roles in vegetative growth, conidiation, trap morphogenesis, and ring cell inflation. Overall, this study expands our understanding of biological functions of the SNARE proteins and vacuole assembly in NTF trap morphogenesis and provides a foundation for further study of ring cell rapid inflation mechanisms.

Escherichia coli phage phi2013: genomic analysis and receptor identification.

Escherichia coli is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause severe human disease. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the lytic virus phi2013, which is specific for Escherichia coli laboratory strains. Transmission electron microscopy showed that phage phi2013 has an icosahedral head and a long, fragile, noncontractile tail, exhibiting the typical form of a siphovirus. Evidence revealed that the phi2013 genome is a linear double-stranded DNA molecule of 49,833 bp with 79 predicted genes without any known antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factor genes, or integrase genes. Moreover, the conserved outer membrane protein FhuA, which is present in members of several genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae, was identified as the receptor of phage phi2013. To evaluate the potential of phage phi2013 as a biocontrol agent for controlling E. coli contamination, it was tested in several foods, including sterilized milk, ready-to-eat beef, and crisphead lettuce. The data showed that phage phi2013 can efficiently inhibit E. coli growth in the tested foods at 4°C and 25°C. We therefore conclude that phage phi2013 or cocktails containing phi2013 may be used as an antimicrobial agent in extending the shelf-life of food products by effectively controlling the growth of E. coli.

Investigations on the Fusants From Wide Cross Between White-Rot Fungi and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reveal Unknown Lignin Degradation Mechanism.

The degradation of lignocellulose by fungi, especially white-rot fungi, contributes a lot to carbon cycle, bio-fuel production, and many other bio-based applications. However, the existing enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation mechanisms cannot be unequivocally supported by in vitro simulation experiment, meaning that additional mechanisms might exist. Right now, it is still very difficult to discover new mechanisms with traditional forward genetic approaches. To disclose novel lignin degradation mechanisms in white-rot fungi, a series of fusants from wide cross by protoplast fusion between Pleurotus ostreatus, a well-known lignin-degrading fungus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a well-known model organism unable to degrade lignocellulose, was investigated regarding their abilities to degrade lignin. By analyzing the activity of traditional lignin-degrading enzyme, the ability to utilize pure lignin compounds and degrade corn stalk, a fusant D1-P was screened out and proved not to contain well-recognized lignin-degrading enzyme genes by whole-genome sequencing. Further investigation with two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shows that D1-P was found to be able to degrade the main lignin structure ß-O-4 linkage, leading to reduced level of this structure like that of the wild-type strain P. ostreatus after a 30-day semi-solid fermentation. It was also found that D1-P shows a degradation preference to ß-O-4 linkage in Aß(S)-threo. Therefore, wide cross between white-rot fungi and S. cerevisiae provides a powerful tool to uncover novel lignocellulose degradation mechanism that will contribute to green utilization of lignocellulose to produce bio-fuel and related bio-based refinery.

Full-Length Genome of an Ogataea polymorpha Strain CBS4732 ura3Δ Reveals Large Duplicated Segments in Subtelomeric Regions.

Background: Currently, methylotrophic yeasts (e.g., Pichia pastoris, Ogataea polymorpha, and Candida boindii) are subjects of intense genomics studies in basic research and industrial applications. In the genus Ogataea, most research is focused on three basic O. polymorpha strains-CBS4732, NCYC495, and DL-1. However, the relationship between CBS4732, NCYC495, and DL-1 remains unclear, as the genomic differences between them have not be exactly determined without their high-quality complete genomes. As a nutritionally deficient mutant derived from CBS4732, the O. polymorpha strain CBS4732 ura3Δ (named HU-11) is being used for high-yield production of several important proteins or peptides. HU-11 has the same reference genome as CBS4732 (noted as HU-11/CBS4732), because the only genomic difference between them is a 5-bp insertion. Results: In the present study, we have assembled the full-length genome of O. polymorpha HU-11/CBS4732 using high-depth PacBio and Illumina data. Long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-rts), rDNA, 5' and 3' telomeric, subtelomeric, low complexity and other repeat regions were exactly determined to improve the genome quality. In brief, the main findings include complete rDNAs, complete LTR-rts, three large duplicated segments in subtelomeric regions and three structural variations between the HU-11/CBS4732 and NCYC495 genomes. These findings are very important for the assembly of full-length genomes of yeast and the correction of assembly errors in the published genomes of Ogataea spp. HU-11/CBS4732 is so phylogenetically close to NCYC495 that the syntenic regions cover nearly 100% of their genomes. Moreover, HU-11/CBS4732 and NCYC495 share a nucleotide identity of 99.5% through their whole genomes. CBS4732 and NCYC495 can be regarded as the same strain in basic research and industrial applications. Conclusion: The present study preliminarily revealed the relationship between CBS4732, NCYC495, and DL-1. Our findings provide new opportunities for in-depth understanding of genome evolution in methylotrophic yeasts and lay the foundations for the industrial applications of O. polymorpha CBS4732, NCYC495, DL-1, and their derivative strains. The full-length genome of O. polymorpha HU-11/CBS4732 should be included into the NCBI RefSeq database for future studies of Ogataea spp.

FUS mutations in Asian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a case report and literature review of genotype-phenotype correlations.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive weakness and muscular atrophy in the upper or lower limbs, ultimately leading to paralysis and death. Genetic studies have demonstrated that mutation in the gene encoding fused in sarcoma (FUS) is an uncommon cause of ALS. Here, we report a case of a 31-year-old Asian man with ALS with rare onset of dropped-head syndrome. Symptoms, including asymmetric proximal weakness of the upper limbs, hoarseness, dysphagia, and nocturnal dyspnea, emerged over a period of 5 months. After genetic testing, the patient was confirmed to harbor a novel pathogenic heterozygous mutation, c.1558C > T (p.R520C). We summarize the genotype-clinical phenotype relationships in 42 Asian patients with ALS-FUS.

Bioactive Monomer and Polymer Polyketides from Edible Mushroom Cortinarius caerulescens as Glutamate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors and Antioxidants.

Two new polyketides named rufoolivacin E and viocristin B, a new natural product named 1-hydroxy-3,6,8-trimethoxyanthraquinone, and 13 known compounds were isolated from edible mushroom Cortinarius purpurascens in this work. Their structures were assigned on the basis of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, and electronic circular dichroism data. Notably, the enzyme activity test on glutamate dehydrogenase indicated that 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, and 15 displayed an excellent inhibition effect. Further kinetic studies showed that the most potent compounds, 4 and 10, possess great potential as competitive inhibitors of glutamate dehydrogenase. Molecular docking and computational chemistry were applied to illustrate the binding mechanism in detail. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and reactive oxygen species assay results showed that compounds 1, 2, 3, and 8 exhibited significant antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 7.0 ± 0.3, 8.6 ± 0.1, 7.5 ± 0.1, and 2.8 ± 0.2 µg mL-1, respectively. Thus, Cortinarius caerulescens represents a novel resource of these polyketides to be utilized in food selection and drug discovery.

NR4A2 may be a potential diagnostic biomarker for myocardial infarction: A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation.

Background: Myocardial infarction is a well-established severe consequence of coronary artery disease. However, the lack of effective early biomarkers accounts for the lag time before clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction. The present study aimed to predict critical genes for the diagnosis of MI by immune infiltration analysis and establish a nomogram. Methods: Gene microarray data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Differential expression analysis, single-cell sequencing, and disease ontology (DO) enrichment analysis were performed to determine the distribution of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) in cell subpopulations and their correlation with MI. Next, the level of infiltration of 16 immune cells and immune functions and their hub genes were analyzed using a Single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA). In addition, the accuracy of critical markers for the diagnosis of MI was subsequently assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). One datasets were used to test the accuracy of the model. Finally, the genes with the most diagnostic value for MI were screened and experimentally validated. Results: 335 DEGs were identified in GSE66360, including 280 upregulated and 55 downregulated genes. Single-cell sequencing results demonstrated that DEGs were mainly distributed in endothelial cells. DO enrichment analysis suggested that DEGs were highly correlated with MI. In the MI population, macrophages, neutrophils, CCR, and Parainflammation were significantly upregulated compared to the average population. NR4A2 was identified as the gene with the most significant diagnostic value in the immune scoring and diagnostic model. 191 possible drugs for the treatment of myocardial infarction were identified by drug prediction analysis. Finally, our results were validated by Real-time Quantitativepolymerase chain reaction and Western Blot of animal samples. Conclusion: Our comprehensive in silico analysis revealed that NR4A2 has huge prospects for application in diagnosing patients with MI.

Dicer promotes Atg8 expression through RNAi independent mechanism in Cryptococcus neoformans.

ATG8 is one of the critical genes that participate in several essential autophagic steps. The expression of ATG8 must be exquisitely regulated to avoid physiological disorder and even cell death. However, the mechanisms of regulating ATG8 expression remain to be fully uncovered. In this investigation, we found that Dicer homologs in Cryptococcus neoformans could activate the expression of ATG8 independent of RNAi. Deletion of two Dicer homologs (DCR1 and DCR2) from C. neoformans, especially DCR2, led to significantly reduced Atg8 protein level, but deletion of other RNAi components did not result in the same phenotype. The autophagic flux, the numbers of autophagic bodies and the tolerance to glucose starvation of dcr2∆ were also significantly reduced. Further investigation showed that Dcr2 activates the expression of ATG8 through the promoter region, not the Open Reading Frame or 3' Untranslated Region. We also found that a similar phenomenon exists in mammalian cells, as DCR1 instead of AGO2 knockdown also reduced the expression of LC3, indicating that this mechanism may be conservative in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, a novel transcription activation mechanism was revealed in this paper.

Toonaciliatin K attenuates the lung injury induced by lung infection of H1N1 influenza virus by regulating the NF-κB/MyD88/TLR-7 pathway in mice.

INTRODUCTION: H1N1 infection has a high mortality rate due to lung injury and respiratory distress. The present study determines the protective effect of toonaciliatin K against the lung injury induced by the lung infection of H1N1 influenza mice and also postulates the molecular mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Infection was induced by exposing the anesthetized mice to H1N1 virus (10 LD50 in a volume of 30 ml) intranasally at day zero and mice were treated with toonaciliatin K 16.5 and 33 mg/kg intragastrically for 2 weeks. The effect of toonaciliatin K was assessed by estimating survival rate and lung edema by the lung index. Histopathological changes were determined by H + E staining and western blot and an RT-PCR study was also performed on the lung tissue homogenate. RESULTS: Data of the study suggest that toonaciliatin K treatment enhances the survival rate and reduces the lung index compared to infected mice. There was a decrease in the level of chemokines and cytokines in the lung tissue of the toonaciliatin K treated group compared to infected mice. Moreover, expression of TLR-7, NF-κB p65 and MyD88 protein was found to be reduced in the lung tissue of the toonaciliatin K treated group compared to infected mice. CONCLUSIONS: Data of the study suggested that toonaciliatin K protects against lung injury in lung H1N1 lung infection by regulating the TLR-7/Myd88/NF-κB p65 pathway.

Deletion of a small, secreted and cysteine-rich protein Cpl1 leads to increased invasive growth of Cryptococcus neoformans into nutrient agar.

Invasive growth of yeast cells into nutrient agar is induced by different stresses and contributes to the survival of yeast cells under several adverse conditions. The mechanism of invasive growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been extensively investigated. However, there is very little information about the mechanism of invasive growth of another human pathogen yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Here, we report that deletion of a small and secreted cysteine-rich protein Cpl1 in C. neoformans JEC21 leads to increased adhesive and invasive growth into nutrient agar. The increased adhesive and invasive growth does not depend on the only known adhesion protein Cfl1 and its main controller Znf2. Cpl1Δ accumulates significantly higher level of intracellular labile zinc ion, leading to increased glucose uptake, higher level of mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP and Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) production. Higher level of ROS activates Snf1, leading to invasive growth of Cpl1Δ. Three cysteine residues at the N-terminals of the cysteine-rich domain controls the increased invasive growth under nutrient sufficient conditions. This is the first report that a small and secreted cysteine-rich protein negatively regulates invasive growth of C. neoformans through regulating the intracellular labile zinc ion level. The function of this cysteine-rich domain was systematically investigated by site-directed mutagenensis in C. neoformans. The work contributes to understanding the function of this protein family and the invasive growth mechanism in C. neoformans.

[Spatio-temporal Variation of PM2.5 Related Relationships in China from the Perspective of Air Pollution Regional Linkage Control and Prevention].

Identification of spatio-temporal variation of PM2.5 related relationships under joint management zones is of great significance for scientifically conducting joint control of air pollution in China. Based on the PM2.5 concentration data of 334 prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2016, from the perspective of air pollution regional linkage control and prevention, this paper systematically analyzes the spatio-temporal variation of PM2.5 related relationships in China using a spatial unit aggregation strategy and geographically and temporally weighted regression. The results show that:① With PM2.5 as the primary pollutant, ten air pollution joint management areas are obtained by considering the degree of pollution, geographical location, meteorology, topography, and economy. ② Geographically and temporally weighted regression can effectively reveal the spatio-temporal non-stationarity of the relationships between PM2.5 concentration and related factors. Meanwhile, population size, secondary industry gross domestic product, SO2 emissions, annual average temperature, annual precipitation, and annual relative humidity are identified as having a significant effect on changes in PM2.5 concentration. ③ The population impacts on PM2.5 concentration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Yunmeng region are the largest of all regions during the period. The influence of the secondary industry's gross domestic product on the PM2.5 concentration in the Sichuan-Yunnan District is the most variable. Apart from these values in the northeast of China, the regression coefficient values of SO2 emissions first decrease with time, then increase, and then decrease again. The time variability of the average annual temperature of each treatment area to PM2.5 is small. The influences of annual precipitation and annual average relative humidity on PM2.5 present different variability characteristics in each region.

Novel bacterial cellulose membrane biosynthesized by a new and highly efficient producer Komagataeibacter rhaeticus TJPU03.

Bacterial cellulose(BC) is a kind of extracellular polymer synthesized by bacteria and it has very wide applications in many fields. However, the application of BC in a large commercial scale can still not be fulfilled due to the low yield and demanding for BC membranes with very different properties. To this end, a new BC-producer Komagataeibacter rhaeticus TJPU03 was isolated from rotten orange peel, which produced 8.28 ± 0.27 g/L(dry weight) in standard HS medium at the 10th day. The membrane is easier to be purified by one-step alkaline treatment and the produced BC(K-BC) membranes possess homogeneous, looser and more porous three-dimensional network composed by thinner cellulose fibrils. However, the wet K-BC possesses stronger mechanical properties and exhibits lower toxicity and higher cytocompatibility to mammalian cell. Owing to the more porous and homogeneous network, K-BC possesses high loading capacity of cell and protein drugs. Also, it exhibits sustained-controlled release ability for proteinaceous drug. The high yield of this strain and the special characteristics of K-BC predict this strain to be a very promising BC-producer and broad applications of K-BC in the fields of wound healing, scaffolds of tissue engineering, tissue repair and regeneration.

Effects of 5'-3' Exonuclease Xrn1 on Cell Size, Proliferation and Division, and mRNA Levels of Periodic Genes in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Cell size affects almost all biosynthetic processes by controlling the size of organelles and disrupting the nutrient uptake process. Yeast cells must reach a critical size to be able to enter a new cell cycle stage. Abnormal changes in cell size are often observed under pathological conditions such as cancer disease. Thus, cell size must be strictly controlled during cell cycle progression. Here, we reported that the highly conserved 5'-3' exonuclease Xrn1 could regulate the gene expression involved in the cell cycle pathway of Cryptococcus neoformans. Chromosomal deletion of XRN1 caused an increase in cell size, defects in cell growth and altered DNA content at 37 °C. RNA-sequencing results showed that the difference was significantly enriched in genes involved in membrane components, DNA metabolism, integration and recombination, DNA polymerase activity, meiotic cell cycle, nuclear division, organelle fission, microtubule-based process and reproduction. In addition, the proportion of the differentially expressed periodic genes was up to 19.8% when XRN1 was deleted, including cell cycle-related genes, chitin synthase genes and transcription factors, indicating the important role of Xrn1 in the control of cell cycle. This work provides insights into the roles of RNA decay factor Xrn1 in maintaining appropriate cell size, DNA content and cell cycle progression.

Polyanionic Composite Membranes Based on Bacterial Cellulose and Amino Acid for Antimicrobial Application.

Ideal wound dressing materials should be active components in the healing process. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has attracted a great deal of attention as novel wound dressing materials; however, it has no intrinsic antimicrobial activity. To explore the practical application values of BC and develop novel wound dressing materials, a series of composite membranes based on BC and polymeric ionic liquids (BC/PILs, composed of BC, and PILs formed by choline and different amino acids) with antimicrobial activity were synthesized by an ex situ method. The physicochemical and antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility of these membranes were systematically investigated. The results indicated that BC/PIL membranes with excellent properties could be obtained by adjusting the concentration and type of PILs. Several kinds of BC/PIL membranes exhibited good biocompatibility and high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungus. The anionic PILs played important roles in the antimicrobial activity of BC/PIL membranes. The obtained membranes provided a novel promising candidate for wound dressing materials.